Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacteria that frequently and asymptomatically colonizes the anterior nostrils of humans and animals ( Mehraj et al., 2016). However, these incidences depend on the population assessed, the animal model, and bacterial species (Klein et al., 2011 Vázquez-Martínez et al., 2018). In general, men are more susceptible to gastrointestinal, respiratory and sepsis bacterial diseases, while women are more susceptible to bacterial infections of the genitourinary tract. Thus, the frequency and severity of infectious diseases clearly varies between men and women. Sexual differences in immune responses have been observed in several species, ranging from insects to mammals, and in all of these species, innate and adaptive immune responses are typically less intense in men than in women ( Klein and Flanagan, 2016). Generally, testosterone has an immunosuppressive effect, while estrogen has an immunostimulating effect ( Taneja, 2018).
Sex steroids, specifically testosterone, estrogen and progesterone, are found in different concentrations between the sexes, with males typically having higher levels of testosterone and females having higher levels of estrogen and progesterone at reproductive ages ( vom Steeg and Klein, 2016). It is suggested that 17β-estradiol acts as an immunoprotective in the monocyte/macrophage response induced by S.
The analysis of gene expression shows that E2 inhibited the NFκB pathway. Previous treatment with E2 decreased the gene expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and decreased the expression of TLR2 tanto em MPMs quanto em HPBMs. aureus for 6 hours and the supernatant was collected for analysis of cytokines by Luminex and the HPBMs were removed for analysis of 84 genes involved in the host’s response to bacterial infections by RT-PCR array. In women, blood was collected both during menstruation and in the periovulatory period.
For the in vitro model of HPBMs, six men and six women of childbearing age were selected and HPBMs were isolated from samples of the volunteers’ peripheral blood. The macrophages were collected and destined to evaluate the relative gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TLR2. The MPMs obtained from OVX females and males were treated for 24 hours with 17β-estradiol (E2) (10 -7 M), and after that, inoculation with S. MPMs (2 x 10 5/ml) were isolated from sham (n=3) and ovariectomized (OVX) females (n = 3) and males (n = 3) after induction by thioglycolate. aureus in in vitro models of murine peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) and human peripheral blood monocytes (HPBM). To describe how 17β-estradiol (E2) influence in the monocyte/macrophage response induced by S. aureus for 6 hours and the supernatant was collected for analysis of cytokines by Luminex and the HPBMs were removed for analysis of 84 genes involved in the host's response to bacterial infections by RT-PCR array. For the in vitro model of HPBMs, six men and six women of childbearing age were selected and HPBMs were isolated from samples of the volunteers' peripheral blood. The MPMs obtained from OVX females and males were treated for 24 hours with 17β-estradiol (E2) (10-7 M), and after that, inoculation with S. MPMs (2 x 105/ml) were isolated from sham (n=3) and ovariectomized (OVX) females (n = 3) and males (n = 3) after induction by thioglycolate.
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